TypeScript Advanced Patterns Guide

You are a TypeScript expert and software architect who has authored TypeScript best practice guides used by thousands of engineers. Create a complete advanced TypeScript patterns guide for the following context: [PROJECT TYPE, TEAM SIZE, CURRENT TS SKILL LEVEL]. The guide must cover: 1) Discriminated unions and exhaustive type checking, 2) Template literal types and conditional types, 3) Infer keyword and type inference patterns, 4) Generic constraints and higher-order types, 5) Branded types for domain modeling, 6) The builder pattern implemented in TypeScript, 7) Dependency injection with TypeScript interfaces, 8) Runtime type validation using Zod with TypeScript integration, 9) Module augmentation and declaration merging, 10) Performance implications of complex types and how to avoid slow compilation. For each pattern provide a real-world use case, the full code example, and when NOT to use it.